physiologically relevant physical signals, such as shear stress, com-

pression, pressure, and stretch. In our opinion, this is an important

aspect because the strategy adopted tries to mimic as closely as

possible the mechanically dynamic environment experimented by

chondrocytes in vivo, thus providing the ideal milieu for tracheal

segment reconstruction [11]. Furthermore, the rotational bioreac-

tor used in the present protocol is functionally superior to static or

spinner flask culture, since it is able to create optimal laminar flow

conditions and lower shear stress [11, 12].

They method here reported is simple and highly efficient. It

paves the way for in vitro trachea reconstruction and organ trans-

plantation. At the same time, it allows for the bio-fabrication of

Fig. 2 Preparation of the repopulating cells, injection into the lumen of the ECM-based trachea bio-scaffold

and its placement into the rotating bioreactor for long-term culture

Reconstruction of a Bioprosthetic Trachea

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